Symptoms:
sexually transmitted disease.. usually infects the genitals of both men and women, but can also infect the throat, rectum and eyes..
Chlamydia Symptoms in Women:
- an unusual vaginal discharge
- pain or a burning sensation when passing urine
- bleeding between periods
- pain during sex or bleeding after sex
- low abdominal pain sometimes with nausea
Chlamydia
Symptoms in Men:
• white/cloudy, watery discharge from the tip of
the penis
• pain or a burning sensation when passing urine
• testicular pain and/or swelling
Drugs of Choice:
Azithromycin, Doxycycline
Alternatives:
Erythromycin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Dirithromycin, Rifampin
Third-Line agents:
Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Nitrofurantoin, TMP-SMX
Comments:
(Gram-Negative Aerobe (Coccobacilli)
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Symptoms:
Most staph infections that are visible usually have a reddish,
swollen, and tender area at the site of infection. Often the site oozes pus or
has some crusty covering with drainage. Sites of infection can be small like a
pimple or large like a carbuncle. Cellulitis often shows redness and swelling
without pus, but impetigo shows a crusty weeping rash with an occasional
blister. Scalded skin syndrome shows extensive skin redness with bullae (fluid-
or pus-filled blisters). Infected catheters and other implanted devices usually
show redness, pus, and tenderness at the skin entry site. Deep abscesses,
pneumonia, osteomyelitis, and most other internal infections are only seen by
X-ray and other imaging techniques or are not visible at all (for example,
toxic shock, food poisoning). The appearances described above are only
suggestive of staph infection; proof of infection depends on bacterial culture
and subsequent identification of the infecting agent.
Drugs of Choice:
(Vancomycin +/- Rifampin)
Alternatives:
Methicillin-sensitive:
Nafcillin, Oxacillin
Third-Line agents:
(Ciprofloxacin + Rifampin)
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram Positive
Cocci)
Chlamydia
psittaci
Symptoms:
Psittacosis in birds and in humans often
starts with flu-like symptoms and becomes a life-threatening pneumonia
Drugs of Choice:
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin
Alternatives:
Levofloxacin, Doxycycline
Third-Line agents:
Rifampin
Comments:
(Gram-Negative Aerobe (Coccobacilli)
Symptoms:
Symptoms of Salmonella food
poisoning generally begin within eight to 72 hours after ingesting food or
beverages contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. With proper care to avoid
dehydration, generally healthy adults can begin to see improvement in their
symptoms within a couple of days and can recover completely within about a week.
Salmonella food poisoning
symptoms
include:
include:
Fever and chills
Headache
Multiple bouts of diarrhea which
may be bloody
Nausea and vomiting
Severe abdominal pain and cramps
Serious symptoms that might
indicate a life-threatening condition
In some cases, Salmonella food
poisoning can result in serious or life-threatening complications, such as
severe dehydration and Reiter’s syndrome.. or someone you are with, have any of
these symptoms:
Change in level of consciousness
or alertness, such as passing out or unresponsiveness
Change in mental status or
sudden behavior change, such as confusion, delirium, lethargy, hallucinations
and delusions
Dizziness
Dry, cracked lips, mouth or
tongue
Eye irritation
In infants: a sunken fontanel
(soft spot) on the top of the head, lethargy, no tears with crying, and few or
no wet diapers
Not urinating or urinating small
amounts of tea-colored urine
Painful joint
Painful urination
Weakness (loss of strength)
Drugs of Choice:
Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin
Alternatives: TMP-SMX, Imipenem, Meropenem, Chloramphenicol
Comments:
(Enterobacteriaceae-
(Enteric gram-negative bacilli)
(Enteric gram-negative bacilli)
Camphylobacter jejuni
Symptoms:
Diarrhea is the most common symptom
also include fever, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, headache, and muscle pain.
Death is more common when other diseases
(e.g., cancer, liver disease, and immuno-deficiency diseases) are present.
Drugs of Choice:
Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin
Alternatives:
Imipenem-Cilastatin, Meropenem, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin,
Erythromycin
Third-Line agents:
Amoxicillin-Clavulonate, Ticarcillin-Clavulonate, Clindamycin,
Doxycycline
Comments:
(Gram-Negative Aerobe (Coccobacilli)
Bordetella pertussis
Symptoms:
The signs and symptoms are similar
to a common cold: runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever. The
patient becomes most contagious during the catarrhal stage of infection,
normally 2 weeks after the coughing begins. It may become airborne when the
person coughs, sneezes, or laughs
Drugs of Choice:
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin
Alternatives:
Erythromycin, TMP-SMX
Third-Line agents:
Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Levofloxacin,
Moxifloxacin, Vancomycin
Comments:
(Gram
Negative(Coccobacilli) – Aerobe)
Brucella spp
Symptoms: Brucellosis induces inconstant
fevers, sweating, weakness, anemia, headaches, depression and muscular and
bodily pain.
Drugs of Choice:
TMP-SMX
Alternatives:
Cefotetan, Cefoxitin,
Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol,
Doxycyline, Vancomycin
Third-Line agents:
Cefazolin, Cefprozil, Azithromycin,
Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin
Comments:
(Gram-Negative Aerobe (Coccobacilli)). Usually requires two agents (combination
therapy). Examples: (TMP-SMX + Gentamicin) or (Doxycycline + Gentamicin)
Bacteroides fragilis
Symptoms:
Bacteroides fragilis is the most common cause of serious anaerobic
infections such as diverticulitis (fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting)
Drugs
of Choice:
Metronidazole, Ampicillin-Sulbactam, Piperacillin-Tazobactam,
Ertapenem, Imipenem-Cilastatin, Meropenem, Tigecycline
Alternatives:
Amoxicillin-Clavulonate,
Ticarcillin-Clavulonate, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Clindamycin
Third-Line
agents:
Moxifloxacin,
Chloramphenicol, Doxycycline
Comments:
(Gram
Negative Anaerobe)
Borrelia burgdorferi
Symptoms:
cause lyme disease
· *Fatigue
· *Joint
and muscle pains
· *Mild
fever
· *Headaches
· *Drowsiness
· *Swollen
lymph glands
Drugs of
Choice:
Amoxicillin, Cefuroxime, Doxycycline
Alternatives:
Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin
Third-Line
agents:
Erythyromcyin
Comments:
(Spiral organism).
Drug of choice depends on stage of disease
Depending on the site of infection, they have been associated with urinary tract infections and blood poisoning in debilitated persons.
Occasionally and more usually in developing countries, Citrobacter infection can cause infant meningitis and diarrhea.
Corynebacterium
jeikeium
Symptoms:
associated with septicemia and skin lesions in
immuno-compromised patients, especially associated with venous access devices.
Drugs of Choice:
Vancomycin
Alternatives:
Linezolid,
Rifampin, (Pencillin G + Gentamicin)
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram
Positive Bacilli).
Enterococcus faecalis
Symptoms:
it is one of the primary causes of nosocomial
infections (hospital-acquired infections), which are characterized by fever and
confusion. The most common types are urinary tract infections, which can be
accompanied by terrible symptoms such as painful urination and blood in the
urine.
Drugs of Choice:
Penicillin, Ampicillin
Alternatives:
Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin (UTI), Gentamicin,
Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Linezolid, Daptomycin, Piperacillin-tazobactam,
Unasyn, Augmentin
Third-Line
agents:
Imipenem, Meropenem.
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram Positive Cocci).
Acinetobacter spp
Symptoms:
Acinetobacter causes
a number of illnesses
including pneumonia, blood infections, or
wound infections.
• The symptoms vary depending on the illness.
• Acinetobacter can also live in a person
without causing symptoms, especially in a
tracheotomy or open wound.
Drugs of Choice:
[by in
vitro sensitivity tests]
Gentamicin,
Tobramycin, Imipenem-Cilastatin
Alternatives:
Ticarcillin-Clavulonate,
Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Ceftazidime, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin
Third-Line
agents:
Cefotaxime,
Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Amikacin, Moxifloxacin
Comments:
(Gram Negative
Bacilli - Aerobe). Combination therapy
recommended (Examples: Ciprofloxacin + ceftazidime, or Imipenem + Gentamicin))
Clostridium difficile
Symptoms:
The most common symptoms of
mild to moderate C. difficile disease are:
- Watery diarrhea three or more times a day for two or more days
- Mild abdominal cramping and tenderness
In severe cases, C.
difficile causes the colon to become inflamed (colitis) or to form patches of
raw tissue that can bleed or produce pus (pseudomembranous colitis). Signs and
symptoms of severe infection include:
- Watery diarrhea 10 to 15 times a day
- Abdominal cramping and pain, which may be severe
- Fever
- Blood or pus in the stool
- Nausea
- Dehydration
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
Drugs of Choice:
Metronidazole
Alternatives:
Vancomycin (oral)
Comments:
(Gram positive anaerobe)
Chlamydia
pneumonia
Symptoms:
Most of the C. pneumonia infections are initially asymptomatic, but as the disease progresses, the symptoms may include: Chest radio graphs indicative of bilateral interstitial infiltrates, Cough, Peri bronchial cuffing, Hyper aeration, Nasal Congestion, Tachyapnea, Respiratory distress, and Crackeling (but no wheezing) breathing sounds.
Most of the C. pneumonia infections are initially asymptomatic, but as the disease progresses, the symptoms may include: Chest radio graphs indicative of bilateral interstitial infiltrates, Cough, Peri bronchial cuffing, Hyper aeration, Nasal Congestion, Tachyapnea, Respiratory distress, and Crackeling (but no wheezing) breathing sounds.
Drugs of Choice:
Doxycycline
Alternatives:
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin,
Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin
Comments:
(Gram-Negative Aerobe (Coccobacilli)
Enterobacter spp
Symptoms:
Some symptoms of Enterobacter
infections include bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin
infections, soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, UTI,
endocarditis, intra abdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and
ophthalmic infections.
Drugs of Choice:
Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem,
(Piperacillin-tazobactam + Gentamicin), Cefepime
Comments:
(Enterobacteriaceae (Enteric gram-negative bacilli)).
Citrobacter spp
Symptoms:
Depending on the site of infection, they have been associated with urinary tract infections and blood poisoning in debilitated persons.
Occasionally and more usually in developing countries, Citrobacter infection can cause infant meningitis and diarrhea.
Drugs of Choice:
Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Tobramycin,
Gentamicin, Cefepime
Alternatives:
Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin,
Aztreonam, Ceftazidime, Amikacin
Comments:
(Enterobacteriaceae (Enteric gram-negative
bacilli)).
Clostridium perfringens
(food poisoning)
Symptoms:
People
generally experience symptoms of Clostridium perfringens infection 6 to
24 hours after consuming the bacteria or toxins. Clostridium perfringens
toxins cause abdominal pain and stomach cramps, followed by diarrhea. Nausea is
also a common symptom. Fever and vomiting are not normally symptoms of
poisoning by Clostridium perfringens toxins.
Illness from Clostridium perferingens
generally lasts around 24 hours, and is rarely fatal.
Drugs
of Choice:
Penicillin G +/- Clindamycin
Alternatives:
Azithromycin, Ampicillin, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Unasyn, Ceftriaxone,
Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Doxycycline, Linezolid, Syncercid
Third-Line
agents:
Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Erythromycin
Comments:
(Gram
positive anaerobe).
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Symptoms:
bloody diarrhea,nausea,stomach cramping,vomiting,fever,GIT
disturbance .loss of appetite
Drugs of Choice:
Cefazolin, Cephalexin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Gentamicin, Tobramycin
Alternatives:
Augmentin, Unasyn, Timentin, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Aztrenonam,
Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin..
Third-Line agents:
Ampicillin, T MP-SM X...
Comments:
(Enterobacteriaceae (Enteric gram-negative bacilli)).
Clostridium
tetani
Symptoms:
Symptoms can
be mild or severe and include:
* chills
* difficulty swallowing
* headache
* irritability
* jaw and neck stiffness
* low fever
* restlessness
* sore throat
* stiff arms and legs
Symptoms soon
progress to classic tetanus:
* difficulty opening the
jaw - that's why tetanus is sometimes called lockjaw
* muscle spasms in the
back, neck, or abdomen
People with tetanus
often develop a fixed expression with a tight, stretched smile and arched
eyebrows. They often go into painful whole-body spasms when slightly disturbed,
for example by fluffing their pillow. They may sweat a great deal during these
spasms. They may be unable to speak because of spasms in the chest or throat -
these can also make breathing difficult. Rigidity in the bladder and bowels can
cause retention of urine and constipation.
The pulse can
be fast, but fever is rarely very high. People with tetanus are usually
mentally alert. Blue lips or nail beds are a sign of depressed breathing,
meaning there's too little oxygen or too much carbon dioxide in the blood.
Drugs of Choice:
Metronidazole, Penicillin G, Azithromycin.
Alternatives:
Doxycyline, Clindamycin
Comments:
(Gram positive anaerobe).
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Symptoms:
The symptoms of
respiratory diphtheria usually begin after a two- to five-day incubation
period. Symptoms of respiratory diphtheria may include the following:
* sore throat
* fever
* malaise
* hoarseness
* difficulty swallowing or
* difficulty breathing.
Drugs
of Choice:
Erythromycin, Penicillin G
Alternatives:
Clindamycin
Third-Line
agents:
Vancomycin
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli).
Enterococcus
faecalis [Vanco-resistant]
Symptoms:
The symptoms of VRE infection vary according to the site of infection.
**If VRE
has invaded the bloodstream, the patient will have fever,
a fast heart rate,
and feel very sick.
This syndrome is called sepsis.
In severe cases, the blood
pressure may fall causing shock, although this is less common with VRE than
with some other bacteria.
Patients with urinary infections may experience
burning with urination,
back pain, or fever.
Meningitis is uncommon and causes
headache, stiff neck, confusion, and/or fever. Infection of a heart valve
(endocarditis) causes prolonged sepsis and may cause the valve to leak or fail.
*Endocarditis is more common if the patient already has a damaged heart valve or
an artificial valve. Infected wounds are inflamed and contain pus. Pneumonia
causes fever, difficulty breathing, and cough.
Drugs of Choice:
Linezolid
Alternatives:
Nitrofurantoin (UTI)
Third-Line agents:
Quinupristin/dalfopristin: Effective against
E faecium but NOT E. faecalis strains.
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram Positive Cocci).
Enterococcus faecium
Symptoms:
vancomycin
resistant strains have been rapidly appearing as causes of nosocomial
infections; in cases of septicemia in immunocompromised patients, fatality
rates can be over 50%.
Drugs
of Choice:
Linezolid, Synercid
Alternatives:
Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin (UTI)
Third-Line
agents:
Usually resistant:
penicillin, ampicillin, imipenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram Positive Cocci).
Gardnerella
vaginalis
Symptoms:
Symptoms
of infection typically include a vaginal discharge associated with a
"musty" or "fishy" odor. The amount of discharge is quite
variable, and there is little vulvar or vaginal irritation associated with this
infection, but the pungent odor is usually the chief complaint.
Drugs of
Choice:
Metronidazole
Alternatives:
Clindamycin
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli).
Hemophilus
influenzae
Symptoms:
The
Symptoms of Haemophilus Influenza are unusual irritability, fever, loss of
balance, photophobia, swelling and redness, burning of eyes, ear pain, hearing
difficulties, fluid running out from ear, pulling or pushing at one ear or
both, staying asleep or difficulty in sleeping, vomiting and nausea, liquid run
out from one eye or both
Drugs of
Choice:
Augmentin, Cefotaxime,
Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, TMP-SMX, Oral 3rd
generation Cephalosporins
Alternatives:
Unasyn, Timetin, Piperacillin-tazobactam,
Impenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Oral 2nd generation
Cephalosporins, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram Negative Coccobacilli).
Haemophilus ducreyi
Symptoms:
After an incubation period of one day to two weeks, chancroid
begins with a small bump that becomes an ulcer within a day of its appearance.
The ulcer characteristically:
*
Ranges in
size dramatically from 3 to 50 mm
(1/8 inch to two inches) across
*
Is painful
*
Has sharply
defined, undermined borders
*
Has
irregular or ragged borders
*
Has a base
that is covered with a gray or yellowish-gray material
*
Has a base
that bleeds easily if traumatized or scraped
Drugs of Choice:
Ceftriaxone
Alternatives:
Azithromycin,
Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin
Comments:
(Aerobic Gram
Negative Coccobacilli). Causitive agent
in chancroid
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